Case Study Case Analysis Case Study - 2888 Words

Running head: CASE ANALYSIS 1 CASE ANALYSIS 9 Case Analysis (Author’s name) (Institutional Affiliation) Introduction The case is about Modrow Company, the subsidiary of Tri-American Corporation based in Canada. The branch has 1000 employees whose primary function is fabricating aluminum. The advantages of Modrow are its location and the stable employees. The case focuses on Modrow s expansion and modernization which the organisation did because of the estimated increase in the sales associated with building products. Dick Spencer is the newly appointed Modrow vice†¦show more content†¦He managed to change the losses experienced in Birmingham to profits thereby streamlining the operations to meet the objectives of the corporation. However, operations in Modrow were challenging because Dick arrived in the branch amidst modernization and expansion changes. There was not much he could change despite the process being expensive and resulting in massive losses. It was also difficult to execute new methods and objectives since Modrow had recently received a lot of changes and the em ployees were adapting to the new operations. Modrow, therefore, was a challenge to Dick because he inherited the problems that resulted from the modernization and expansion changes. It was difficult for Dick to come up with better ways of doing business because the branch had to adapt and implement the new changes enforced by the administration. It was also difficult to understand the operations and make decisions that would steer the branch it a profitable path. Additionally, the employees had an existing culture that determined how the employees conducted business. It was challenging for Modrow to introduce a new culture without causing confusion, unrest, and resentment from the leaders present in the branch. Alternatives As mentioned, Modrow is facing challenges regarding profits because of Dick s poor management skills. His past success was a resultShow MoreRelatedCase study analysis paper1396 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Case Study Analysis Amanda Zuber COMM215 JEANNINE BUCKLEY Case Study Analysis June 16, 2014 Executive Summary ABC Inc. hired 15 new employees with the intention of starting the orientation on June 15. Carl has only six months experience and has made several critical errors. This may have been created due to lack of qualifications, training, or overstating of qualification on Carl’s resume. Due to this, certain tasks were not addressed in a timely manner. Four problems are readilyRead MoreContract Analysis: Case Study1500 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 2: Contract Analysis Case Study 2: Contract Analysis Liberty University Business Law – BUSI561 Betzaida Aponte Abstract In the contract analysis of Case Study 2, we find what looks like a legal and ethical issue at play. This analysis will cover answers to the following questions: 1. 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The status of the declining sales fromRead MoreMultiple Case Study Analysis Essay2109 Words   |  9 Pagesan education research paper that explores the qualitative research method known as Multiple Case Study Analysis. It will look at design, implementation, and analysis. It will further touch on what is meant by a case study in itself. Introduction As asserted by Stake (2006), â€Å"The multicase study is a special effort to examine something having lots of cases, parts, or members† (p. vi), which by the study of those parts, is able to then better understand the something as a whole, and the ways in

Representation Of The Hollywood Television Industry

Representation Matters: Diversity in the Hollywood Television Industry A recent study done by the UCLA Bunche Center for African American Studies showed the lack of diversity within Hollywood by examining all the films released, television programs on broadcast, cable, or digital networks, as well as the actors, writers, directors, and producers within the industry. Ethnic minorities make up about 40% of the American population but still remain underrepresented in all forms of entertainment. The study also discovered that more than 50% of moviegoers in the past two years were minorities. In television, minorities only claimed about 7% of lead roles in broadcast television (â€Å"NEW! 2015 Hollywood Diversity Report†). With half the American population consisting of different ethnicities, American television should accurately and proportionately portray the American people, yet some are having trouble doing so. Some television networks have catered to their diverse audience by casting actors of different ethnicities as the lead of a show, or by centering an entire show around a unique culture. Most have found this to be beneficial with an increase in ratings and in profits through their sponsors. The organizations, the Florida Family Association (FFA) and the National Hispanic Media Coalition (NHMC) represent two different positions on diversity within Hollywood and how the American people should be portrayed in the television industry. The FFA is a national organizationShow MoreRelatedMedia s Influence On The Media Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesHollywood controls most entertainment media consumed by people all around the world. The messages and images portrayed in movies and television shows created by the large production companies affect all those who partake of the media they produce. 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This drastic affect on a young person s life creates a reality that women need to alter the way they look to be ‘perfect.’ Media also portrays women as helpless beings, needing a man by their side to complete easy tasks in which they can do on their own. There is also the aspect of strongRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Children s Influence On Society1439 Words   |  6 Pagesleast one television and average a total of 34 hours 39 minutes of TV viewing per week (Citation). Outlets such as television shows and movies have the power to influence viewers both directly and indirectly in positive manners; being able to see someone like yourself has the ability to shape how you view yourself and the world. 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Ideally, the content being produced would place emphasis on developing complex characters from a multitude of backgrounds that diverse audiences can relate to, and include people with different perspectives to contribute to writing

Virgin Atlantic Airlines Free Essays

string(53) " the spending of the government \(Chambenlin 2009\)\." Executive Summary The aim of this write up is to provide a brief overview of Virgin Atlantic Airlines, its purpose, mission and vision statement. The key stakeholders of the VAA and the duty of care VAA owes to these stakeholders are analysed. Being a global service provider, Virgin Atlantic British Airways are affected by various political, socio-economic and technology factors and these are reviewed. We will write a custom essay sample on Virgin Atlantic Airlines or any similar topic only for you Order Now The macro economic factors, such as fiscal monetary policies and how it affects these airlines are studied. Furthermore, the impact of EU on the airlines industry and BA VAA in particular are detailed. 1A Introduction: In the United Kingdom, the Virgin group is a very popular and preferred brand. Virgin Atlantic is a subsidiary of the Virgin group and is one of the major airlines in the UK led by Sir Richard Branson where the Virgin group owns 51% of the shares and the remaining 49% owned by Delta Airlines, USA. The mission statement of Virgin Atlantic is â€Å"to embrace the human spirit and let it fly†. Virgin Atlantic operates short and long haul flights across 35 different destinations covering the Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Far East and Australia. Purpose of VAA (Virgin Atlantic Airlines) In 1984,Sir Richard announced his decision to operate Virgin Atlantic Airlines that would provide world class quality and great value for money. By the end of the 80’s there were more than one million loyal passengers travelling with VAA, one of the first airlines to provide individual TV screens for the passengers. In the 90s, the business developed further given the competitive pricing, the unique service offerings and the introduction of the Premium economy was a great hit with the customers. In 1999, 49% of Virgin Atlantic’s shares were sold to Singapore Airlines. VAA vs Fire Services Virgin group is one of the well-known business establishments and the purpose of VAA is to expand the service line offering of the business in order to earn profits. Unlike the fire services, which is used to cater to the emergency needs of the people of the country and safeguarding them, the primary purpose of VAA is to be able to cater to the travel demands of the public and to be able to run it as a marketable business. Keeping this in mind, the main objectives of VAA is to earn profits and be able to service the customers in an effective way to ensure customer loyalty is maintained. As opposed to the fire services, the VAA faces stiff competition from various other airlines. The key accountability for VAA would be towards its customers and key stakeholders including the board of directors and the shareholders whilst the key accountability for the fire services would be to that of the general public by ensuring that there is transparency and all funds allocated by the government are used in an appropriate manner. The services offered by Virgin Atlantic caters to the luxury and travel needs of the people and the services offered by fire services are basically around protecting the people, responding to emergencies and also improving the safety within local communities. Virgin Atlantic Stakeholders, Strategies and Responsibilities Virgin Atlantic has various key stakeholders and owes a duty of care towards all the key stakeholders. To be able to manage all the stakeholders and to ensure that they are happy, Virgin Atlantic has various policies. The key stakeholders of Virgin Atlantic include: Shareholders; Customers; Employees; Vendors; Government Agencies; NGOs; Community at large. To ensure that the shareholders are satisfied, VAA achieves its primary objective of earning profits and ensuring that all the shareholders receive a good Return on their investments. Customers are given world class treatment and Virgin Atlantic is very well-known for their quality customer services. Customers always come first with Virgin Atlantic and this has been a new concept in the airlines industry. A good in-flight entertainment service, VIP treatment for first class customers including opting for a beauty therapist, check-in by chauffeur to avoid waiting in the queue, flexible meal service options etc, are examples of customer care standards that have been set by the airlines. VAA also takes customers safety seriously. Employees who form the integral part of the VAA community and VAA is committed to serve its employees better. Good work is recognised by the rewards and recognition program and Virgin Atlantic provides world class training to all its employees. Virgin Atlantic has a good diversity policy and is strictly against discrimination. All employees are treated with respect and honesty. Equal opportunity is provided to all employees and potential candidates who aspire to become a part of the Virgin Atlantic team. Vendors play a key role in the Virgin Atlantic community. Virgin Atlantic has strict policies about creating lasting relationships with vendors and aims at sourcing goods responsibly. All suppliers are thoroughly screened to ensure that key international standards such as Human Rights Convention by UN and International Labour Convention laws are met. Environment Community: As its commitment to the environment, Virgin Atlantic has incorporated ‘Change is in the Air’ (CIITA) strategy which aims at reducing carbon footprint by using novel technologies and fuels to increase efficiency. Virgin Atlantic is keen on becoming energy efficient and sources sustainable energy where possible. It has a strong recycling and reuse policy which reduces waste and ensuring sustainability. 1B: Impact of Fiscal Monetary Policies on VAA Fiscal policy can be defined as the policy whereby the governments change the levels of tax and its spending in order to have a positive impact on the nation’s economy. It helps redistribution of wealth, decreases in unemployment rates and provides a way to effectively control the economy. Fiscal policies can either be expansionary or reductionary. An expansionary fiscal policy encourages the growth of the economy by means of expanding the supply of money to combat inflation. This can be done either by cutting down taxes or by increasing the spending of the government (Chambenlin 2009). You read "Virgin Atlantic Airlines" in category "Essay examples" Fiscal policies are effective when it comes to reduction of unemployment in the shorter term. However, in the long-term they cannot bring in much change as the supply curve is vertical and pushing the demand curve would lead to pushing in the prices, which results in inflation (Gillespie, 2008) Monetary policy on the other hand can be defined as the action that is taken by the central bank or other financial regulators to determine the rate of growth of money supply. It also influences the demand and supply of money as it impacts the interest rates (Chambenlin 2009). The recession has had a very bad impact on Virgin Atlantic. The increase in the competition in the transatlantic services and given the rise in the fuel prices, the airline has seen a loss of ?135m. The airline has also frozen salaries of employees for the current period and has cut over 600 jobs which accounts for 7% of its workforce. Virgin Atlantic has not planned clearly and anticipated the costs. If the planning had been done effectively, Virgin Atlantic would not be facing issues due to increase in fuel prices. Oil is one of the key costs that is incurred by Virgin Atlantic and hence it has a serious impact on the Airlines. Also, in the recession of 2008, there has been a decrease in the passengers for long-haul flights which combined with the oil price has led to a loss of ?150m in 2009. Virgin Atlantic can take advantage of the expansionary fiscal policy whereby there is a cut on taxes and the expansionary monetary policy on the reduction in the interest rates as opposed to contractionary monetary policy. Reduced tax rates would help Virgin Atlantic transfer the reduced costs to the customers and expansionary monetary policy would help reduce exchange rates which would therefore help Virgin Atlantic to export oil at reasonable costs. Given the poor demand for travel due to increase in costs, Virgin can make use of the savings that it has achieved by using expansionary monetary and fiscal policies by slashing down the costs of travel, which would promote and encourage more customers to use their services. Though VAA has been hit by recession, making use of these policies should enable Virgin to regain some of its losses. 1F Benefit for Virgin Atlantic through International Trade Being a global brand servicing various destinations has been a key benefit for Virgin Atlantic as well as British Airways. There are various advantages of International Trade for Virgin Atlantic. These include: Increase in profits: International trade and servicing various locations globally has led to increase in profits for Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. More Sales: Having been a success in the UK and the second largest Airlines in the UK, global destinations and international trade were the next logical steps which increased the sales and turnover of Virgin Atlantic. The same holds good for British Airways. Dependence on one market reduced: International trade helps reduce dependence on one local market. If due to various reasons one market segment fails, another segment can be used thus reducing sole reliance on specific market segments. Better competitiveness in local markets: Serving international destinations and becoming a global brand has increased knowledge, services and experiences for Virgin Atlantic which makes it a very tough competitor amongst local airlines. Expansion into the international market also gives British Airways and Virgin Atlantic new ideas to be able to satisfy all their key stakeholders, good marketing techniques to promote their ideas and better customer services. Market diversification: Diversification into the global markets has helped BA VAA to be able to leverage better its resources and make use of booming markets in a bad economy. 1G Global Factors Affecting BA/VAA Both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic are global brands operating on various international locations. There are various key factors that affect the operations of both BA and VAA which relate to the global factors. Political Factors Airlines industry is highly regulated by governments and there are various laws that determine where the airlines can fly, the services offered, planning, their policy and strategies as well as pricing. For airlines to be in the business it is mandatory for them to adhere to these rules and regulations. Thus, compliance is one factor that affects both British Airways as well as Virgin Atlantic. Since both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic operate both nationally and globally there are pivotal national and international laws and obligations, such as HS regulations, security legislations, taxes etc. For instance, the VAT that has been increased to 20% would affect the stakeholders of both Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. There are various operating restrictions due to political factors. One way to overcome these restrictions is to have tie ups with national carriers. Thus, political factors have a great influence on the operating environment of the airline industry. Economic Factors Recession, and the cost of fuel, and other economic factors, such as cost of having empty seats play a major role which affects the activities of Virgin Atlantic and BA. Global economic markets, strong/weak home currency influences the costs of travel. In a bad economic situation companies might tend to cut down on their travel costs and discourage employees from taking a flight. An increase in the price of the fuel might force BA Virgin Atlantic to transfer its costs to the end customers making it more difficult for people to afford. Any fluctuation in the oil price will have a direct impact on the currency which in turn impacts the cost of flying for both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic. Social Factors International airlines, such as British Airways and Virgin Atlantic, that serve various nations need to understand the social and cultural values of the destinations served in order to be able to successfully drive the business. Social and cultural values encompasses all aspects of understanding the special needs of the destination, the key holidays and any special arrangements that might have to be taken into account while serving a specific destination. For example, the meal choices have to be restricted to non-pork based foods whilst serving Muslim nations to not only ensure the sentiments are catered to and also to drive business in these locations. Technology Factors Technology provides a competitive advantage to businesses and there is an increasing demand for the use of the latest technology to enable customers to get a better experience. Having a good e-commerce application to provide customers a portal to purchase tickets, fast check-in services online would be useful as it would cater to the more tech-savvy and young customer base. However, British Airways and Virgin Atlantic should make sure that they are not overly reliant on using high-end technologies as this might lead to the isolation of certain groups that are not entirely comfortable using these high end technologies. BA Virgin Atlantic should therefore find a good balance between these two and should be able to optimise the use of technological advancements and leverage the opportunities appropriately. 1H Impact of EU on BA VAA The EU has a great impact on both British Airways and Virgin Atlantic. The EU has enabled an increase in competition in the market. An increase in the competition and a market promoting a healthy competition would now mean that both BA and VAA have to face a lot of competition from various operators within the EU. Hence, in order to be able to successfully steer the business, it is key that BA VAA keep their prices at check, increase their value added services, and build on their brand value and their unique selling point to ensure customer loyalty and also to attract more customers. The EU has various positive impacts on BA VAA. Tourism is the third largest sector in the EU and there is a lot of scope for development. EU has had talks with the aviation industry to promote sustainable and reliable services within the EU and BA VAA can take advantage of this to provide high quality services to the customers. The EU has relaxed its visa policies for member states and also promotes fair international trade system that improves competitiveness and has opened up its markets by unblocking tariff and non-tariff barriers making. This promotes trades and import and export of goods and services. Indirectly this help travel to and from various European Union nations. This can be used by British Airways and Virgin Atlantic to offer specialised services to businessmen and frequent flyers to and from Europe. Relaxing trade restrictive measures means that there are various political factors that are relaxed and this paves way for better collaboration and negotiation. Opening up the markets would mean that the procurement of goods and services can be accessed and available freely across EU without restrictions. This removes any legal and regulatory obstacles that British Airways and Virgin Atlantic faces and helps promote growth and sales in the industry. Increased competitiveness within the EU would mean access to better services, keeping prices in check and ensuring that the brand value is maintained. Conclusion This paper helped to identify the vision and the mission statement of Virgin Atlantic, how it is different from other services. It identified the key stakeholders of the airlines and the responsibilities of Virgin Atlantic towards its stakeholders were discussed in detail. The fiscal policies and monetary policies were then explained and how these related to Virgin Atlantic were also specified. A PEST (Political, Economic, Social Technology) factor analysis was done in order to understand various global factors that affected Virgin Atlantic British Airways. Finally, the impact of the EU on BA Virgin Atlantic was discussed in terms of competition, trade restrictions and markets. Works Cited Virgin Atlantic. (2014, September 2014). Retrieved on 06/09/14 from http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/us/en.html Investopedia. (2014, September 2014). Retrieved on 06//09/14 from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/europeanunion.asp European Monetary Policy. (Septmber 2014). Retrieved on 06/09/14 from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/european+monetary+union Chamberlin, G. (September 2009). Economic Review Sep 2009. Economic and Labour Market Review Gillespie, A. (June 2009). Foundations of Economics. New York; Oxford University Press How to cite Virgin Atlantic Airlines, Essay examples

Competitive Environment

Questions: 1.Identifies and Discusses the Sales Goals and Objectives that this Retailer has for online sales, and for Store-Based Sales.2.Identifies and Discusses the Tools this Retailer uses, or could use, to Analyse and understand the competitive environment in which they Operate. 3.Analyses the role of Strategic Alignment between Goals and Objectives and the Technology that Facilitates the achievement of these Objectives.How could Alignment be Improved? 4.Discusses the benefits of Data Management for your Retailer. 5.Discusses why it is Important for this Retailer to adopt web2 and web3 Technologies.6.Discusses the Threats that this Retailer faces due to this Complex and Dynamic Technological Environment. Answers: Introduction Woolworths is the leading supermarket giant retail in Australia serving millions of customers weekly. They are the biggest food retailers in Australia and still strive to be the best by focusing on quality, range, convenience and prices. The large customer acceptance boosts the companies to grow beyond boundaries and enhance their capabilities (Moorthy et al. 2015). Woolworths has launched several strategies and made significant technological changes that make it the most outstanding retail company. This report shall focus on the technological environment, its effects and challenges faced by Woolworths (Arli et al. 2013). 1.Goals and Objectives The primary goal of Woolworths is to put customers first. The company intends to build a great team that takes care of its customers by continually improving product offer and improve shopping experience. The company aims to be the best and most preferable retailer for kids and families (Woolworthsgroup.com.au 2017). Woolworths aims to maximize its product offerings in the store-based sales. It aims to extend leadership and grow new businesses. The company is expanding its retail stores and taking over convenience stores to address the needs of busy customers. The convenience stores may be expanded by 20% within a year by opening convenience stores across Australia. The company aims to become a lean retailer and invests in the customers for improving efficiency, decreasing cost and gaining greater market share (Woolworthsgroup.com.au 2017). Moreover, online sales form a significant part of Woolworths strategic and business market plans. Another objective of Woolworths is to enhance its online presence, accessibility and visibility. The online sales may be improved by 25% within a year with increased marketing, advertising standards and improvisation of technology. It aims to increase market visibility and leave the competitors behind. The objective is to push shoppers for online purchasing as it is convenient method of shopping. The leadership in food and liquor aims to be extended for more growth (Woolworthsgroup.com.au 2017). 2.Tools for Analysing Competitive Environment It is important to gather competitive intelligence as it taps into market information and deduce a competitive pattern. According to The Australian Financial Review reports, Woolworths invests $20 million in Quantium, a data analytics company that provides Woolworths with the information about shopping habit of Australian consumers (Theaustralian.com.au 2017). Further, Woolworths gathers data using the transactions in its loyalty card Woolworths Rewards that provides data on their spending habits (Rubinsztein-Dunlop 2014). The Woolworths Rewards loyalty cards combine the data with other partners such as WebJet, Qantas, Medibank and others so that a comparison can be made. Such data can be used by Woolworths to interpret how far it has been able to meet its consumers needs. The data in Flybuyers or others are tracked to evaluate if the others are scoring higher and the consumers are more loyal towards other supermarket retail brands (Turner and Mortimer 2014). The data is interpreted by Woolworths so that it can give better schemes and enhance product image. 3.Role of Strategic Alignment Strategic alignment with goal and objective is necessary to improve operational execution. Considering the technological advancements in the business environment, the strategic planning process can be improved and managing the organizations. The IT activity or project adds to business value. The retailers need to be aware of their IT resources and potential success so that alignment can be efficient. The business-technology alignment can help Woolworths improve financial performance and market competitiveness. The difference between culture and objectives need to be bridged. Usually, businesses have a tendency to rift in expensive IT systems. Moreover, the goals and objective setting shall depict a clear picture and establish strong correlation between successful company and effective goal setting. Goal setting enhances quicker execution of company strategy. Therefore, implementation of IT processes can create organizational agility. The employees at the organization need to understa nd the manner in which their support and contribution helps in attaining short-term and long-term objectives. Therefore, goals must be clearly communicated and integrated without wastage of time and resources (Wu, Straub and Liang 2015). The alignment can be improved by providing consistent feedback. Job feedback should focus on growth and forward thinking by and how employees can learn from their mistakes. Some project-management platforms provide real-time goal-tracking and present it in charts and graphs to demonstrate individual and group progress. It is not easy to translate large, wide-reaching organizational goals into smaller, everyday tasks while not losing sight of the big picture. But it is not impossible, either. Consistently checking in with employees individually, recognizing their efforts and reminding them of their purpose is what constitutes a successful organizational goal-alignment strategy (Biggs, Brough and Barbour 2014). 4.Benefits of Data Management The retail supermarkets have intense competition in the Australian market. The retailers are looking for ways to handle pricing pressure and operating costs. The focus is to enhance customer loyalty, profitability and market share. However, in the intensely competitive market it is difficult to do so as the customer data is difficult. The customer data is scattered and duplicated across multiple systems. Such scattered data makes it difficult for the marketing, sales, operations and customer service department to gain critical information. Therefore, the retailers need efficient data management for point-of-sale, e-commerce and manage data (Savitz 2013). The retailers leverage a single version of customer data so that duplicates can be recognized and conflict across multiple systems can be resolved. A holistic view of customer can be related to drive further sales. The traditional transactional information that was received in the form or invoices or orders can be combined with social media data to gain a complete view of the customer. All these benefits can be attained within the realm of master data management technology. To understand the view of customers, data conflicts need to be resolved across multiple sources. Data management can improve the quality of data and eliminate inconsistencies while synchronizing data. The increase in online shopping and product research has made the economy difficult as it drives smaller margins and lower prices. Therefore, data management lowers the cost of managing and handling data with its technical capabilities (Savitz 2013). 5.Importance of Web2 and Web3 Technologies Web2 and Web3 are the second and third generation of World Wide Web that focuses on ability for people to collaborate and share information online. The companies are increasingly investing in Web 2.0 Woolworths may adopt Web2 as it is low-cost in nature and there is less risk in buying them. It has very little downtime and the search engine becomes more proliferate. Woolworths may adopt it as it can facilitate collaboration. The interactivity allows the employees to contact at a lower cost. It also helps in strengthening bonds with suppliers and outside partners. Web 3.0 increases information linking. It offers better marketing techniques. The web browsing can be made more efficient (Nations 2016). Both the technologies encourage idea sharing and increase participation in projects. There is greater scale and scope of knowledge. The increased access to knowledge experts and reduction in travelling cost shall add to the advantages. As both the technologies improve employee satisfaction rate, Woolworths may adopt Web2 and Web3 technologies. Using these technologies, the company can forge closer ties with its customers. The innovation skills of the companies can be improved by jointly shaping products. The previous studies show that the implementation of Web2 and Web3 technologies gain better results of ties with the partners and suppliers. The operational cost of Woolworths can be reduced thereby increasing profit margin (Nations 2016). 6.Threats in Technological Environment Technology transforms the competitive environment. The retail giant, Woolworths faces constant pressure and threat from its competitors. The increasing competition in the field of technology makes it difficult for Woolworths to cope up. The other retailers such as Aldi and Coles are increasingly innovating technologies to enhance their operations and point of sale processes (Lumpkins 2015). There is a greater chance that if Woolworths tries to adapt all technologies, it may not be successful. The SAP merchandising system may not be successful. There is potential threat that the company may not be able to produce reports with proper data collection methods (Di Pietro, Pantano and Di Virgilio 2014). As Woolworths is adopting latest technologies to excel in the retail industry, there are risks involved such as the employees may not be able to adapt to the latest technologies. The employees may not be able to understand the core working process or method of technology. Further, there is loss of job threats involved. With the processes significantly relying on technologies, the number of retail jobs is likely to decrease. A large number of jobs may be lost due to introduction of new technologies (Kurnia et al. 2015). Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusively, Woolworths is expanding its retail stores and taking over convenience stores to address the needs of busy customers. It aims to increase market visibility and leave the competitors behind. Woolworths gathers data using the transactions in its loyalty card Woolworths Rewards that provides data on their spending habits. The business-technology alignment can help Woolworths improve financial performance and market competitiveness. The alignment can be improved by providing consistent feedback. Data management can improve the quality of data and eliminate inconsistencies while synchronizing data. The increased access to knowledge experts and reduction in travelling cost shall add to the advantages. The employees may not be able to understand the core working process or method of technology. It is recommended that Woolworths must continue its focus on the customers. The company can come up with latest technologies and data management so that it can beat competitors such as Coles and Aldi. The products may be innovated using technological advancements. Customer service and value can be enhanced using compelling offers and innovation. References Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R. and Soldo, E., 2013. WOOLWORTHS AUSTRALIA AND WALMART US: BEST PRACTICES IN SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION.Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy | Ventura, 16(1). Biggs, A., Brough, P. and Barbour, J.P., 2014. Strategic alignment with organizational priorities and work engagement: A multi?wave analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(3), pp.301-317. Di Pietro, L., Pantano, E. and Di Virgilio, F., 2014. Frontline employees? attitudes towards self-service technologies: Threats or opportunity for job performance?.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(5), pp.844-850. Gerow, J., Thatcher, J. and Grover, V., 2014. Six types of IT-business strategic alignment: an investigation of the constructs and their measurement.European Journal of Information Systems, 24(5), pp.465-491. Kurnia, S., Choudrie, J., Mahbubur, R. and Alzougool, B., 2015. E-commerce technology adoption: A Malaysian grocery SME retail sector study.Journal of Business Research, 68(9), pp.1906-1918. Lumpkins, W., 2015. Protecting Yourself with RFID: Embracing the benefits of wireless tracking technology.IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 4(2), pp.97-99. Moorthy, M.K., Seetharaman, A., Jaffar, N. and Foong, Y.P., 2015. Employee perceptions of workplace theft behavior: A study among supermarket retail employees in Malaysia. Ethics Behavior, 25(1), pp.61-85. Nations, D., 2016.What In the World Is 'Web 3.0' and Is It Even Here Yet?. [online] Lifewire. Available at: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-web-3-0-3486623 [Accessed 20 Feb. 2017]. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, S., 2014.Coles, Woolworths preparing to enter home loans market. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-06/coles-woolworths-preparing-to-enter-home-loans-market/5653288 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2017]. Savitz, E., 2013.Why Retailers Need To Focus On Mastering Customer Data. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2013/02/15/why-retailers-need-to-focus-on-mastering-customer-data/#43b8eec65149 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2017]. Theaustralian.com.au, 2017.Woolworths invests $20m in data analytics. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/business-spectator/woolworths-invests-20m-in-data-analytics/news-story/eec6c312cedda9b32060592ac434c2ea [Accessed 19 Feb. 2017]. Turner, K. and Mortimer, G., 2014.How your shopping choices will help Coles and Woolworths take on the banks. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/how-your-shopping-choices-will-help-coles-and-woolworths-take-on-the-banks-30353 [Accessed 19 Feb. 2017]. Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2017.Strategy and objectives - Woolworths Group. [online] Woolworthsgroup.com.au. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-approach/strategy-and-objectives [Accessed 20 Feb. 2017]. Wu, S.P.J., Straub, D.W. and Liang, T.P., 2015. How information technology governance mechanisms and strategic alignment influence organizational performance: Insights from a matched survey of business and it managers. Mis Quarterly, 39(2), pp.497-518.

Amiable vs. Amicable

Amiable vs. Amicable Amiable vs. Amicable Amiable vs. Amicable By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between amiable and amicable? Their etymology is identical, but their senses are distinct. Amiable means â€Å"agreeable,† â€Å"friendly,† suggesting a person or an experience marked by a congenial personality or atmosphere: â€Å"He seems like the amiable sort†; â€Å"They were engaged in an amiable conversation.† The word ultimately derives from amicus, the Latin word for â€Å"friend,† which is related to amare, meaning â€Å"love.† (The latter term is the basis of amatory and amorous, both of which refer to sexual feelings.) Amicus itself was borrowed into English as a legal term; it is part of the phrase â€Å"amicus curiae† (sometimes shortened simply to amicus), which translates literally to â€Å"friend of the court† and refers to an individual or an organization that files an amicus brief or otherwise requests of a court the opportunity to weigh in about a legal issue. Amicus also survives in the Spanish word amigo, which means â€Å"friend† and is sometimes used as such in American English. Amicable means â€Å"peaceable, marked by goodwill, as in â€Å"We were relieved when we came to an amicable understanding about the issue.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?How to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Guy De Maupassant essays

Guy De Maupassant essays Guy De Maupassant is famous for his many short stories. His women are often shown as immoral or evil. His women are selfish and untrustworthy and vain. Examples of this can be found in a few of his specific short stories The Necklace, The Jewelry and A Wifes Confession. Maupassant makes women come across as very vain stuck up beings. Many times they think very highly of themselves and will except nothing but the best from jewelry to make-up to clothes and housing. In The Necklace the husband brings home a special invitation a grand reception hoping Madame Loisel would be pleased instead she responds by saying What do you expect me to do with that, I havent a thing to wear. How could I go. This leaves the husband feeling like his efforts were worthless and that he had failed to make his wife happy. All because she thought she needed to be wearing the best clothes to attend the reception. Her husband now felt bad and offered to give up the money he had been saving on his own for a hunting rifle saying faintly Well all right then. Ill give you four hundred francs. But try to get something really nice. She then is not even happy enough with her new dress but has to ask a friend to borrow jewelry which in the end she loses and has to work many years to pay back. In The Jewelry Mrs. Lantin takes the meaning of vain to a whole new level. Her love for jewelry is so great that she entertains a gentleman other than her husband who in turn buys her many fantastic pieces of jewelry. She lies to her husband about this jewelry saying they are mere fakes as She got into the habit of suspending in her pretty ears two big cut pebbles, fashioned in imitation of diamonds; and she wore necklaces of false pearls, bracelets of false gold, and hair combs studded with paste-imitations of precious stones. This ...

Notarial law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Notarial law - Essay Example Even if it were agreed that notaries should judge whether document signers comprehend the documents being executed, precisely what does that mean' What is the legal test of whether a signer comprehends a document being executed' One version of a legal standard for a signer to comprehend a document is whether the signer understands both the detailed substance of the terms of the document and the practical and legal consequences of the instrument. If this is the test, the mental competence of the signer would necessarily be implicated, for a signer could not possibly comprehend the full meaning and import of a document if the signer were mentally incapacitated. 5Obviously though, even a competent individual might not comprehend a particular instrument. Further, substantial confusion is caused by the imprecise use of the concepts of "competence" and "comprehension."6 As suggested above, while competence refers to one's ability to understand the nature and consequences of his/her transactions generally, comprehension refers to one's actual understanding of the nature and consequences of the particular transaction.7 Yet, these definitions are regularly substituted for one an other, just as the terms competence and comprehension are in artfully interchanged as though they were synonymous. 8 Now, the entire discussion leads one to the most important moot point of notaries verifying Power of Attorney documents. There can be no doubt that power of attorney is the most powerful document as it entrusts someone with all powers of another to represent him and act completely on his behalf .Therefore , it is necessary that signing of such document is duly notarized and validated as it may be tool of defrauding people This is essentially why it is so vital to ensure that such super powerful documents are notarized and following the reasoning already laid out in this paper , in matters of such importance , the notary public should try and find out if the signor is competent to sign and also has comprehended what he is signing . A possible version of the legal test of document signer comprehension is that the signer appreciates merely the general nature of the document (i.e. the kind of instrument being executed). Not only do the authors not object to the imposition of a duty on notaries consistent with this notion of document signer comprehension, but we endorse it. 9 However, one may safely presume it is the former definition of document comprehension, or a comparable meaning, that the proponents of a duty of notaries to determine document signer comprehension have in mind.10 For example, in his book Notary Public Handbook, Alfred Piombino seems to advocate such a heightened duty for the notary, for he suggests (during his discussion of "competency") that the notary should inquire into the signer's understanding of "the nature of the act to be performed" as well

APPLIED OFFICERSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

APPLIED OFFICERSHIP - Essay Example Based on the effective leadership styles applied in military organizations, there has been a solid platform to believe that discipline and subordination in the organizational line are the fundamental elements that eventually develop the ability to perform duties accurately and thereby form a successful career as an officer, particularly in military organizations. The necessity of applying a uniform discipline pattern applied to the officers in the group is very essential. It guarantees the facilitation of objective oriented controlling measures for guaranteed effectiveness of actions without consummation of longer time period. According to an observation, â€Å"the unique task for a commander is to balance the needs of the military with the needs of the individual.† (Huerta and Webb, 93). While discussing the essence of the effectiveness expected from the officers, it is necessary to explore the aspects of both discipline and subordination involved in the process of administra ting the office structure. However many a leadership has experienced the need for a civilian control of military during emergencies but with due consideration for the involvement of expert opinions from professionally qualified military officers. According to certain views, â€Å"civilian rulers need not only to build an effective military, but also to control it† ( Besley and Robinson, 655). Military organizations have been the most visible examples for a uniform structure of officership where the principles of discipline and subordination worked well for the immediate achievement of short term goals. However, the autonomous power of the leader may result in poor officership where there can be chances of parity conflicts due to favoritism. In such cases, the internal discipline is guaranteed the association of leadership with a hierarchical power administered as per the guidelines of the elected civilian body. This will also enable the force to settle internal disputes relat ed to administrative flaws in a legitimate way. Subordination to legislative governance results in ethical and social responsibilities of the officials while executing their duty. The process of training in officership is a continuous action whereby individuals are trained to habituate the baseline of principles of discipline. A system that teaches the virtue of discipline so enabled by the law making body will reflect the perfect demeanor of the military forces. According to certain opinion, military virtue is assessed with endurance of bravery, aptitude and enthusiasm (Clausewitz , ch.V). Whereas, the officership is responsible for directing these virtues towards the organizational goal whereby each officer develops his skills of disciplined subordination in order to endure his service in the organization. These virtues of discipline are usually trained according to the required levels of efficiency expected from the officer based on the principle of absolute obedience to the supe riors in the organization. As it is widely believed, diligence has a natural tendency to success; therefore we obtain the good things we seek thereby with its virtue (Readings, 50). While considering the parameters of the issuance of a

Explaining And Defending The Assigned Option Assignment

Explaining And Defending The Assigned Option - Assignment Example I believe the pricing option that I have chosen will be profitable for Virgin Mobile. Virgin Mobile Company will enter the market matching with prices offered by their competitors.   Ã‚  I also believe that their modern channel strategy and VirginXtras they will differentiate their products that will offer them a competitive gain in their target market. Given that the market is flooded, it is appropriate to let these features retain their product distinct and not saturate the population with totally new prices that may be difficult to understand.   Moreover, by matching competition and maintain their phones as post-paid, they can keep a low roil rate of 2 percent (McGovrn, 2015).   The rate will give Virgin Mobile the greatest chance of becoming even more profitable. If they opt for below competition option, they will create an entirely new price that might turn out to be risky. They may risk complicating a saturated market and raising churn rates. â€Å"Clone the industry Pri ces† options will be more profitable as it requires a small advertising budget. They can put their packaging so that they can pass their message to their customers without using salespersons. By using this option, their profits can be increased since there are reduced expenses for hiring salespeople.  Virgin Mobiles anticipates using approximately 60 million dollars less on advertisement compared to their competitors.  

Development of Car Environment Light System (CELS)

Development of Car Environment Light System (CELS) Chapter 2 STATE OF ART Chapter 2 introduces all the important fundamentals this thesis is based on, in order to provide a better understanding of the concepts related to AmbiLight system, image processing using JAVA and OpenCV libraries. Initially, the general architecture of the AmbiLight system is explained elaborating each modules and components of the system. Going further, the basics of image processing, its need and various techniques of image processing are discussed. Finally, the chapter focuses on JAVA and OpenCV libraries which will be used to implement the image processing techniques. 2.1 AMBILIGHT SYSTEM The AmbiLight system is a Car Environment Light System (CELS) designed to dynamically adapts to the driving situation and enhances the orientation and perception of the passenger compartment in vehicles. Light sources are integrated in the roof liner in-order to create the ambience. These light sources are fed with colour information by the scanning devices attached to the vehicle to capture the colours of the outside environment. Hence, the colour of the light emitted by the lightings in the roof liner can dynamically adapt to the outside environment in real-time. Thus, the CELS provides an enlargement of the visual perception. In particular, the effect is created as the colours displayed by the lightings correspond to the view from the window. Therefore, by looking out of the window, one perceives the coloured light as an extension of the window. This thesis is part of the TUM CREATE joint research programme. The programme is funded by the National Research Foundation of Singapore and executed by the two universities, namely, Technische Università ¤t Mà ¼nchen from Germany and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Apart from other research topics, one of the major goals of TUM CREATE is to design and build the world’s first purpose-built electric taxi. The AmbiLight system will also provide the driver and the passengers a pleasant spatial atmosphere thereby creating a feel-good experience psychologically. It also improves the orientation within the vehicle, facilitating the search for things. The below section will cover the design of the Car Environment Light System (CELS). The general system structure of the CELS is also specified. Fig.1 Architecture of the AmbiLight system The design of the Car Environment Light System comprises of camera(s), a computer, a micro-controller unit (MCU) and LED strip which act as the colour display. The camera(s) take images of the car’s surrounding environment. By running a program the computer will acquire and process the images that are captured by the camera(s). The program also determines the representative colours that will be emitted by the LEDs by means of several implemented calculations. The LED-strip is mounted in the roof liner of the car. This arrangement in conjunction with the correspondence of the light colour results in the perception of a larger view. In the below section we will discuss in detail about the design of the input component the camera, the processing unit CPU, the micro-controller unit the arduino and the output component the LED strips. 1. Design of the Input Component This section discusses the realization of the input component. Also the input data types are also discussed. In order to create the enlargement of the perceptual view, the CELS needs to adapt to particular changes in the environment. This comprises of the illuminance, colour and motion. Thus, images as holistic visual information have to be considered to function as CELS input data. Cameras are used since they satisfy the requirement of providing images of the present. Google provides different online services such as Street View which systematically takes and saves images with its geographic parameters, like the GPS coordinates and the cardinal direction. Hence these images can be utilized in a deliberate manner [Goo12]. The Street View data base covers most of Singapore’s streets, hence permitting the possible operation of the CELS. Summarizing, apart from cameras, Google Street View can also be used as a input device providing real-time input data for the CELS, if the vehicle movement is defined as the only changing parameter. Since the Street View images are stored online, access to the internet must be ensured. In general, this does not present a big challenge, as the automotive human-machine interface, which was presented in Section 1.5, provides internet access via a 3G connection. However, the use is still problematic due to the risk of low connectivity or even complete loss of either the mobile or the GPS signal. This would result in asynchronous data, which obviously deteriorates the pursued effect. But, relying on Google Street View implies a disadvantage. Buildings are generally not frequently teared down and constructed again. Walking people and driving cars for instance however are in motion, hence are not considered by the Street View images. The designed CELS, being the first prototype, the achievement of the maximum effect possible is preferable. Consequently, the dynamic features of the environment have to be considered in the calculation of the representative colour. Otherwise, the enlargement of the visual perception could be impaired. Due to this fact, the input component has been realized with a camera. 2. Design of the Processing Component In-order to cater various features and needs of the vehicle, the system relies on a centralized Car PC with a multitude of input and output possibilities. TANK-700-QM67 is chosen as the Car PC. The TANK-700-QM67 provides high performance and cost-effective solutions. The high performance TANK-700-QM67 fanless embedded system is furnished with powerful computing capability, video capture, dual display, flexible I/O configuration, and long product life support. It supports Intel Mobile Core i7/i5/i3 processors and full feature I/O such as Gigabit Ethernet, two high-speed USB 3.0 ports and optional 8 channel video/audio capture and IEEE802.11a/b/g/n wireless module.It also supports DDR3 memory up to 4GB. The TANK-700 embedded computer is fit for high performance embedded controller and rugged environments. These features ensure complex programs written using high-level programming languages like C, C++ or Java can be processed effectively. 3. Design of the MCU Arduino as SPI-Interface For the processing unit to communicate with the output device, here, the LEDs of the LED strip, a MCU is used. Its task is the communication with the LED drivers via the SPI bus. For this purpose, the Arduino board has been used. It is an open-source computing platform which is based on a microcontroller board [Ard13] and is illustrated in Figure 5.1. In particular, the used Arduino Uno model utilizes the 8-bit ATmega 328 microcontroller from Atmel Corporation. Apart from other features, the ATmega 328 has a 16 MHz processor and 32 kBytes of programmable flash memory [Atm12]. Moreover, it supports the required SPI interface. An integrated UART enables the RS-232 serial communication with the computer. Fig.2 Arduino UNO board Arduino Environment The Arduino board comes with its own environment, particularly an integrated development environment (IDE) and programming language. The Arduino programming language is a set of commands, which facilitates the programming of microcontrollers. This is achieved by simplifying the AVR C programming language, which the Arduino originates from. In addition, the Arduino programming language bundles several native commands to single command in some cases. The Arduino software is published as open source. This ensures programmers to develop and offer C++ libraries which can expand the functionality of the Arduino software [Ard13]. FastSPI Library FastSPI, a third-party library has been used to facilitate the control of LED-strips. It provides several distinct commands to configure and control LED-strips. Moreover, characteristics of different LED-drivers are integrated. Thus, the library allows a fast adaptation of the existing code to different LED-strips. The library version from the October, 14th, 2012 bas been used for the implementation of the process structure. 4. Design of the Output Component LEDs are suitable for interior lightings due to their minimal size, long service life, low power consumption and also quick response. The specification of the LED-strip is discussed in the following section. RGB-LEDs In order to achieve the necessary colour environment adaptation, the LEDs need to be capable of emitting different colours. For this purpose, the LED strip that utilize RGB-LEDs that is able to display up to 16.7 million different colours by mixing the three primary colours red, green and blue is chosen. Individually addressable The LEDs of the LED-strip are individually addressable to enable a smooth light colour adaptation over the whole roof liner. This enables the control of both the brightness and the colour of each LED. 12 V input voltage To avoid the necessity of additional devices such as voltage converters, the compatibility to the 12V auxiliary power grid is preferable. LPD8806 LED driver has been used. It offers SPI communication interface having a LED density of 32 LEDs/m Amount of LEDs Two parameters have been taken into account for determining the Amount of LEDs. They are 1. LED density 32 LEDs per meter or a LED distance of 31.3 mm has been assumed for the calculation of the total amount of LEDs.

Anselm Kiefer :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anselm Kiefer was born in Donaueschingen, Germany on March 8, 1945. In later years he became one of the most prominent figures in the Neo-Expressionist art movement. He studied law at the University of Freiburg until 1966. In 1966 he became an artist and was a student of Joseph Beuys who is another German artist (Safra pg.139).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the painting March Heath Kiefer uses a variety of color. However the color’s that are used are dark colors and earth tone color. The center of this painting is the road that vanishes into the background. It is obvious that Kiefer wanted this to be the main object of the painting. Where the road vanishes is in the center also. However Kiefer does not tell us where the road leads. At the bottom of the painting the German words â€Å"Markische Heid† are painted with black ink. The black ink causes the phrase to get the viewers attention. After reading Anselm Kiefer by Mark Rosenthal I learned that March Heath belongs to the Brandenburg region, located in East Germany (Rosenthal pg.35). The Brandenburg region played a very important role to the Persian Empire during the seventeenth century. With this region being so important it was frequently fought over (Rosenthal pg.35). The road looks heavily traveled because of the ruts where the grass is dead an d has turned into a dirt path. Each side of the path is painted with very little detail. Yes you can tell that it is a field and you can see some plants but it is not as easily noticed as the path. On the right side of the path there is a group of trees, but three are only seen. Rosenthal says â€Å"that the trees are birch trees, and they establish a Fontane-like context of nature resplendent, waiting to be enjoyed in peaceful contemplation (Rosenthal pg 35).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another painting by Kiefer is Deutschlands Geistesbelden or in English Germany’s Spiritual Heroes. He uses bi-lateral symmetry. Each side of the hallway has the same amount of support beams and a large dish filled with some type of kerosene or oil that is burning on each beam. Under each candle there is a name written in black paint, and maybe these are the German Spiritual Heroes. The flaming dishes run all the way down the hallway and it leads to a door. The door that the hallway leads to is the center of the painting.

The roles of the Advance Practice Registered Nurse Essay

The roles of the Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), Clinical Nurse Specialist(CNS), Nurse Practitioner(NP),Certified Registered Nurse Anesthesia(CRNA),Nurse Educator, and Nurse Administrator are not reflective of our current needs in healthcare. I disagree with this statement as I believe that APRN play a vital role in todays and in the future of our healthcare needs. In the hospital setting that I work in I have come across many APRN’s in different modalities such as nurse navigators (CNS), ARNP’s, CRNA’s and nurse administrators. Being able to work side by side with this individuals and specifically NP’s and CRNA’S when needed prescription at night or even when rounding with them to see patients they are there to listen to the concerns and take the time to educate them. They are highly appreciated and recognized by patients and their families. APN’s go to areas physicians will not go, they volunteer in clinics that have no other form of health care, delivery the babies in the rural areas and go into the shelters in the inner city. They teach the children in the schools how to be healthy and assist the parents with the health care system. In the hospitals they are the safety net that holds the practice together, with communication, collaboration and expertise within their clinical practice. Hamric, A. B., Spross, J. A., & Hanson, C. M. (2009). Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Advanced nursing practice refers to the work or what nurses do in the role and the concept of advancement further defines the multi-dimensional scope and distinguishes differences from other types of nursing roles. Advanced practice nursing refers to the whole field, involving a variety of such roles and the environments in which they exist. as the affordable care act has been implemented the APRN’s will be very useful in the realizing the full potential of these roles through better planning and efforts to address environmental factors, structures, and resources that are necessary for advanced nursing practice to take place.

20 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on IT from the Academic Perspective

20 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on IT from the Academic Perspective Academically, IT has great potential to help and reform the learning abilities of a modern day student. There is so much to talk about the changes IT can bring in the world of education. If you want to write a comparative analysis in the form of an essay, this guide should prove very helpful. If you recall, the first in the series of these guides was 12 facts on it in the academic perspective for a compare and contrast essay, which helped you kick-start your research. This is the next part which will help pinpoint your research focus and choose a topic. Here are 20 topics on IT in the academic perspective for a compare and contrast essay: Codified Knowledge in IT System: Is It Required? Teaching Methods with IT Systems Issues in Adopting an IT Based System IT-based Performance Measurement Indicators Effects on Teaching Jobs: Tenures and Motivation if IT Is Implemented IT Systems Integration in the Autonomy of Teaching Staff Concept of Productivity Under IT IT Implementation and Economies of Scale How Non-Traditional Education Providers Can Offer High Quality Education through IT Based Systems Cost Comparison of IT Learning System and Traditional Education System Academic Administrative Record Keeping through IT Implementation Ease of Access to Education through IT and its Economic Repercussions on Traditional Institutes Ease of Preparation for Teaching Staff before a Lecture Due to IT System Integration Concept of Online Portals and How They Are Beneficial to Students Who Want to Revise Lectures Academic Research in IT-based Educational Systems Is Complete IT Reformation of Educational System Financially and Administratively Possible? Reprogramming IT Systems vs Retraining Teachers Printed and Electronic Educational Material: What Is Better? Outsourcing Teachers through IT Systems Time Management in IT Systems: The Problem of Relocating Time and Resources For now, here is a sample essay on one of the topics mentioned above. It is recommended that you read the following before we discuss how to write the actual essay, Sample Compare and Contrast Essay: Issues to Adopting an IT-based System In order to have full-scale implementation of IT strategies, methods and technology, one must understand and know how to address various issues revolving around the acceptance of IT in academic institutions. Even in nature or life, when we generally try to introduce change in an existing and established system, its first response is to fight back, much like immune systems respond to foreign organisms or bacteria. Similarly when we talk about changing the education system, there is a huge divide between different school of thoughts, primarily due to fear of the unknown and the financial investments that follow. People love consistency and they believe the existing educational system is perfect in every sense, and that IT integration is a bit of a farfetched and not really necessary concept. One of the biggest issues to full IT adoption is dealing with people who have invested in the traditional way of doing things like teaching techniques, how to scale productivity and faculty autonomy. Going in more detail of scale of productivity, for example, I believe the real factors are the student-teacher ratio, teaching loads and sizes of classrooms. One solution to the above is teachers changing their perspective and allowing change. Simply saying that they prefer things a certain way isn’t enough; for progress’s sake, the systems need to be upgraded. The concept of faculty autonomy comes under scrutiny if interconnectivity is introduced, meaning the teachers and professors will no longer be able to control where, when and what they teach. This alone gives them reason enough to make sure that the system doesn’t get IT upgrades, and this ultimately, affects the students’ learning productivity and capacity. Academic faculties are run by people and not everyone is good at their job, frankly speaking. Unfortunately, there is a sizeable amount of teaching faculties in the US who believe that productivity and quality learning is calculated through the sheer number of scholarships. Traditional teaching systems rely heavily on scholarship-based assessments rather than promoting education that can be used actively by students in their daily lives, It is natural that teachers will see this as a threat and they would prefer more faculty members rather than adopting IT. None of them would be in favor of going for the additional expenses of investing in an IT system either. But facts are facts; academic institutes have very little incentive to teach and a lot of incentive to carry out research work. This means that the institutes are heading towards more research work and seriously reducing class workload for students. In educational institutes, nearly all departments give little attention to teaching itself and the overall learning process; rather, research is evaluated in detail while teaching and learning aren’t properly scrutinized. While teachers do put in extra effort and evaluate each student individually, departments, however, do not strictly regulate educational objectives and performance assessments. Cost comparisons are where most IT proposals are rejected because traditional policy makers often can’t fathom the cost-cutting that eventually comes with an IT investment. For them, the initial investment is way too much, or so they think. Traditional policy makers have a â€Å"don’t change till it breaks† mindset and for them, it’s almost impossible to understand some of the rewards that come with making new investments. This concludes our sample compare and contrast essay on IT in the academic perspective. Make sure to check our guide on this academic genre and subject in our next piece. References: The Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005.Computing Curricula 2005: The Overview Report (pdf) Using Information Technology to Enhance Academic Productivity. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/html/nli0004.html Alrafi, A. (n.d.). Information systems adoption: A study of the technology acceptance model. Bouwman, H. (2005). Information and communication technology in organizations: Adoption, implementation, use and effects. London: SAGE. Centre for Education in Science Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from cest.org.uk/importance-of-technology-in-schools/ Five Ways Teachers Can Use Technology to Help Students. (2013). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/05/07-teachers-technology-students-education-west-bleiberg Need and Importance of Information Technology in Education. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from http://wikieducator.org/Need_and_Importance_of_Information_Technology_in_Education

Rise of the Third Crusade With Syria Position Paper Essay Example

Rise of the Third Crusade With Syria Position Paper Essay Example Rise of the Third Crusade With Syria Position Paper Essay Rise of the Third Crusade With Syria Position Paper Essay Essay Topic: The arabian Nights One Thousand and One Nights European response to a swelling Islamic influence and power in Palestine. In 636 AD, Byzantine Empires losses at the hands of the Arachnids Caliphate marked a new era of reign for Palestine. Psalmists quickly regained control, and rule passed through several Islamic states over the next few centuries. By 1079, the Sequels had established relative permanent control over Palestine, and removed all Byzantine influence. In response to an alienation of Christianity In the Middle East, the Roman Catholic Church responded by creating a anti-LULAS policy by 1095. Pope urban II, in an effort o rally support and troops for the coming crusades, declared that All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. (Urban). Urban proclamation was important to the Crusades, because it accomplished two important objectives for the Crusades to occur. The Catholic Church guaranteed salvation for those who Joined the Crusades, which ensured high rates of volunteers, and high amounts of support from all branches of service, that of the navy and the army. The now abundant amounts of manpower and supplies allowed the Crusades to grow unfettered. The speech also marked the Muslims as clear enemies to the Christian states of Europe, and encouraged a extremist nationalist policy that euthanized Islamic populations. This disconnection from the humanity of the Palestinian Muslims helped the Crusades gain momentum. By 1106. Urban had organized a massive movement to reclaim Palestine. At the Council of Claremont, he had greatly consecrated any violence against the Useless, and cried Dues vault (God wills it. ) urban had begun touring in France decades earlier, ND now, messengers began to be sent to preach in Southern Italy. The preliminary stages of the Crusades begin in the year 1096, when Peter the Hermit, Inspired by the religious ferocity of Urban, lead an indistinguishable crowd into Turkish land. His people were ambushed and slaughtered. This battle marks the beginning of the Crusades. France and Italy became formally Involved In 1096, and nearly 100,000 crusaders led by Hugh of Overmanned marched south to Anatolia. Crusade conflict began at the Siege of Anatolia, where the crusaders laid siege to Antioch, and after several months, scaled the walls and razed the city. A Muslim counter attack almost immediately put Antioch under siege again, but the army was crushed by the crusaders under Behemoth of Toronto. The surviving survivors of the Antioch siege trudged south, to capture Jerusalem. The Franks captured the city, and many thousands of Jews and Muslims were slaughtered in blind Christian superiors. The newly Christian states were initially stable, but several failed crusades led by Behemoth of Antioch and the Crusade of 1101 and new powerful militaries led by Kill Arsenal and lama ad-Din Zing recaptured Islamic territory in the early 12th century. Three current crusade states, Odessa, populated mainly by Armenian and Syrians and facing constant breach by Muslim forces since its origin in the first crusade of 1109. Tension between Middle Eastern and European powers grew as the fight for the power of Aleph waged on. On December 1st of 1145 Quantum Predecessors is released by Pope Eugene Ill calling for the second crusade to be centralized through powerful European kings, with special focus upon King Louis VII of France. To rouse international support for the second crusade, the pope additionally allowed and nodded the specific targeting of minorities in individual countries, such as the campaign against the pagan Slavs in Germany and the Reconstitutes against the Moors of the Iberian Peninsula. Most German forces were killed en route to Asia Minor or ultimately killed in battle or forced into slavery upon capture. The French forces faced relatively less trouble over the course of their crusade excluding a battle with Turkish forces, from which they emerged victorious. In their attacks on Damascus the crusaders used guerrilla war tactics in their siege of the city, but ultimately failed and were forced to retreat to Jerusalem. The failure of the second crusade hugely affected European country relations and changed the political and military functionality of Jerusalem. Sync would like to emulate the power and strength of our leader, Salad, and move to destroy the Christian invaders using new military tactics, called Hidden Sand War. Our new strategy heavy relies on the usage of camouflage and ambushes. Because of the stark blankness of Palestinian geography, we propose that the Syrian army begin to hide themselves from the enemy beyond typical camouflage. New camouflage should reflect the arid terrain of Syria, and we would like to implement several devices of surprise, including sand traps, and sand bunkers. Syria is in serious need of a fortification system to deter religious fanatics from entering the Holy Land. Syria would like to utilize the deserts most common resource to defend itself. First, camel hair or cactus reeds would be used to create bags to carry sand in. These sand bags would be used to create fortifications against arrow strikes, and chargers. Many of these fortification would be dug into the sand, and would lend in with the ground, to better protect and cover troops located within. Troops would utilize the cover to act as archery posts or bases for sudden quick surprise attacks. Another tactical advantage of the blandness of the sand would be to deter enemy cavalry movements. Small pits would be dug into the sand, and could be filled with blades, and covered with tarps. These small pits would fit horse legs perfectly, and would work so whenever a horse stepped inside, the bone would break due to the horses weight. If the bone didnt break, the sheer pressure of the horse step would cut or snap the horses leg. This would force heavy knights onto their feet, making them vulnerable to archers and cavalry charge. Syria also proposes that a mobile horse archer unit be established to create a quick and powerful cavalry. This new cavalry would be based off Mongolia cavalry, and would carry bows and short swords. Each rider would own three to four horses to increase speeds, and the Arabian horse race would be used. These new riders would incorporate two specific tactics, the use of the planned rout, and ambush. The riders, if they feel the time if opportune, would fake a retreat to lure the enemy into breaking ranks. This breakage massive cavalry charge. And lastly, the use of crude oil would be used to control the enemy. Cavalry will lure enemy troops into pre-doused fields of oil, and trap them using the fire. Troops, disoriented and scared, provide an easy target for charges, and the fire pushes the troops against a wall. At this point, phalanx formations would force the enemy either into the fire, against the phalanx, or either down a very narrow break in the line, where more troops appear to ambush. Eventually, the crusaders will become so worn down, they will be forced to retreat, and succumb to Islamic dominance.

What steps need to be taken in order to reduce crime Essay

What steps need to be taken in order to reduce crime - Essay Example The type of successful law enforcement strategies relies on the form of criminal activity (Bouza 1993). For instance, violent offenders are not as knowledgeable and/or coherent about the repercussions of their behavior hence law enforcement is largely successful when it responds to criminal behavior by seeking imprisonment for repeat criminals. Second, public support is very important in the effort of the criminal justice system to reduce crime. Public support for penalizing crime-reduction strategies can be helpful in the application of law enforcement policies. The general public could also be an immediate or rich source of suggestions on how to effectively approach crime-control efforts. Third, several of the most potential solutions to crime involve public lands, such as public housing and streets. The consideration of the government in this domain can educate architects and rouse individual safety measures. Tort court cases, declaratory resolutions, and crime impact reports can additionally inform the general public and architects about applying architecture to reduce criminal activity (Bouza 1993). Other techniques, obtained from the criminal justice system and other considerations, present extra mechanisms for the government to improve crime-reduction policies. Reducing crime is the greatest challenge any criminal justice system faces. However, this challenge does not have to remain a challenge if proper research and implementation are carried out. Law enforcement strategies are the primary means available to deter or eliminate crime. But strong public support will ensure the smooth and effective execution of these law enforcement strategies. And apparently, although not mostly taken into account, architecture plays a crucial role in the successful implementation of crime-control

Answer questions'' toenails'' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer questions'' toenails'' - Essay Example The narrator was pointing out the need of young doctors to take a break and refresh themselves. He observed that due to the high level of energy of young doctors, the work really hard and continuously. In this case most are burnt out early leading to giving up or hating the profession that they worked hard for. He even explained that a person should know the importance of his or her own self like a priest, it is important to nourish his faith so that he can help others strengthen theirs. The narrator had special nicknames to every member of the library regulars and Neckerchief became his friend. One day when he noticed that Neckerchief is wincing as he walks, he discovered that he has toenail problem. He then decided to get the toenail cutters from the hospital, bring it to the library and cut his friend’s toenails. This act revealed that even during breaks, the narrator cannot put his vocation on pause. His dedication to the need of patients or people can be observed in his every action. In terms of the conversation with the nurse, it can be presumed that they have a friendship that can be based on working together a long time. Also, the nurse can be older than the narrator since a parental care even while teasing and joking can be observed. The climax is the part wherein Neckerchief felt relief due to the fact that he can walk better and with less pain after his toenails were cut. This led to the decision of the narrator to help all the people in his â€Å"library group.† The plot of the short story revolves around the doctor who recognizes the need to take a break from work to be able to refresh himself in order to fully and optimally help his patients by going to a library and fulfill his love for reading. In the process though, he still was able to help more people by being a person who really cares about his patients, and other people in need of assistance. The theme represents the

Total Quality Management - CASE STUDY Assignment

Total Quality Management - CASE STUDY - Assignment Example The aim is to find the solutions to the problems that the Company A met in the implementation of TQ to suggest alternative paths by assimilating the practiced quality management systems with others such as lean manufacturing, as introduced at MIT for producing quality care efficiently, Six Sigma including FEMA for reducing defects to near-zero along with ISO standards. Coming back to the question above, the most likely approach used for quality management systems and processing at a time when progress regarding improvement had â€Å"plateaued† was to put on hold further development until issues on the priority list were sorted out. This was also the expert review of the investigative parent company of Company A. Earlier, the company A had taken certain one-off advances which have provided leverages but setting them aside, otherwise the approach of management had been irregular and doubtful. The management applied different parameters of saying something and doing differently such as quality was given the topmost priority in discussions but the actual preference was to reach production targets irrespective of quality considerations. Processes were never completed for initiating new product leaving the scope of improvement in new product at later stages of manufacturing, which affected the cost factor leading to reduced returns. In this regard, it is important to know the stage of the new product where corrections are made as a new product at definition phase costs 1$, which if rectified at production stage costs 1000$. Being a manufacturing unit, the emphasis remains on meeting quality requirements, reliability, and process-control besides cost reduction while attending to engineering and manufacturing aspects of the products. In the given context, the Company A committed such errors more often, thus, increasing the cost of meeting quality benchmarks. The approach for q uality management systems included new tools and techniques such as Statistical Process

Details of routing algorithms Essay Example for Free

Details of routing algorithms Essay In a link state algorithm, every router in the network is notified of a topology change at the same time. This avoids some of the problems associated with the nearest neighbour update propagation that occurs in the distance vector algorithms. The ‘Open Shortest Path First’ (OSPF) protocol uses a graph topology algorithm like Dijkstra’s Algorithm to determine the best path for data transmission between a given data source and a data destination. The metric used for route optimisation is specific to the manual configuration of the router. However, the default metric is the speed of the interface. The OSPF uses a two level, hierarchical network classification. The lower level of hierarchy is groups of routers called areas. All the routers in an area have full knowledge of all the other routers in the area, but reduced knowledge of routers in a different area. The different areas organized within the OSPF algorithm are connected by border routers, which have full knowledge of multiple areas. The upper level of the hierarchy is the backbone network, to which all areas must be connected. That is, all data traffic going from one area to another must pass through the backbone routers. Distance Vector Algorithms In order for data to be transmitted from a source to a destination on the Internet, the destination must be identified using some mechanism. That is, each possible destination for data transmission must be described with an address. The scheme currently used to address the internet space is the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4. The IP version 4 uses an address length limited by 32 bits. An example of an Internet address is 227. 130. 107. 5 with the corresponding bit vector 11100011 10000010 01101011 00000101. An initial difficulty in managing the available address space was the implementation of a class structure, where large blocks of internet address space was reserved for organisations such as universities, leaving commercial applications with limited address space. Routing of data transmission in this address environment was referred to as class-full routing. To alleviate this problem of limited address space, the internet community has slowly evolved to a classless structure, with classless routing. In distance vector protocols, each router sends adjacent routers information about known paths to specific addresses. The neighbouring routers are sent information giving a distance metric of each one from a destination address. The distance metric could be the number of routers which must be used to reach the destination address, known as the ‘hop count’, or it could be the actual transmission distance in the network. Although this information is advertised only to the adjacent routers, these routers will then communicate the information with their neighbouring routers, and so on, until the entire network has the same information. This information is then used to build the routing table which associates the distance metric with a destination address. The distance vector protocol is implemented when a router receives a packet, notes the destination, determines the path with the shortest distance to the destination and then forwards the packet to the next router along the shortest distance path. One of the first distance vector protocols implemented on the Internet was the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). RIP uses the distance metric of hop count to determine the shortest distance to the destination address. It also implements several protocols to avoid having data packets pass through the same router more than once (router loops). The path vector protocol is a distance vector protocol that includes information on the routes over which the routing updates have been transmitted. It is this information on path structure which is used to avoid routing loops. Path Vector Protocols are also somewhat more sophisticated than RIP because an attempt is made to ‘weight’ each path based on a locally defined criteria that may not simply reflect the highest quality of service, but rather the highest profit for an ISP. The implementation of these types of router algorithms may be different in different parts of the Internet. When the algorithms are implemented inside an autonomous system, they are called Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP). Because the different autonomous systems that make up the Internet are independent from one another, the type of routing algorithm used within the autonomous systems can also be independent of one another. That is, the managers of each autonomous system are free to choose the type of algorithm which best suits their particular network, whether it is static or dynamic link-state or dynamic distance-vector. When the algorithms are implemented to control data transmission between autonomous systems, they are referred to as Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP). The EGP connect all autonomous systems together to form the Internet and thus all EGP should use the same algorithm. The specific algorithm currently used as the EGP on the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is a type of distance vector algorithm called a path vector algorithm [9]. A path vector algorithm uses information about the final destination of the data transmission in addition to the attributes of the neighbouring links. It should be noted that the BGP algorithm can also be used as a router protocol within an autonomous system and is called an interior BGP (IBGP) in that instance. This necessitates calling the BGP an EBGP when it is implemented as an EGP.

Aircrafts

Aircrafts Abstract: Aircrafts throughout their journeys need to be in contact with air traffic controllers. Long haul ocean crossing flights are increasing steadily every year due to growing demands. The increasing air traffic over the ocean is a serious concern for the controllers where the aircrafts are beyond the eye of the radar and ground stations that track their motion in air. The present communication between the cockpit and the controller is a high frequency radio communication where the position of the aircraft is sent to the air traffic controller through a third party radio operator who acts as an intermediary between them. Relatively the half duplex nature of the system and the use of a single frequency channel add complexity to the problem. Though the modern communications is going through an era where graphical interaction systems are being developed, the communication in an oceanic haul is still voice communication. This project focuses to improve and analyze the performance of data communications in exchanging information between the pilot and the controller in oceanic haul long routes. The controller pilot data link communications is taken for analysis in its performance in oceanic routes. Introduction: Aviation has seen rapid developments. Modern airliners are now heavily computerized monsters. They now fly higher and faster. The role of an air traffic control is massive in the field of aviation. Since they provide information about other planes approaching nearer to them and maintain spacing between planes. Pilots usually communicate with the controllers using radio aids that allow them to use normal voice communications, which is the very existing problem in the industry of aviation. Demand for air traffic has been increasing steadily in recent times. Increasing flights to the United States of America have led to the increase in air traffic over the oceans which have also intensified the job of the air controllers. With Nearly hundreds of carriers crossing the Atlantic every day, the responsibility of the air traffic control are huge, because they are the only point of reference to a pilot for navigating and knowing information about the traffic prevailing around him. The Traditional HF voice communication system has drawbacks which limits the points of communication between a pilot and an air traffic controller. Call sign confusion, interference and many more factors are hurdles to a good ground to air communications. Effective communication management is primary concern in developing co-operative multi user interaction systems. Each individual agent must know what, when and how to communicate. Effective Utilization of shared communication resources also should also be taken in to account, when there is limited resource available. This needs more attention when the demand exceeds the capacity of the system, and a priority is required This project focuses on how to improve communication between them, taking in to account various parameters that affect the transmission in a high frequency radio communication. Apart from, the attempt to replace traditional voice communication, to a text based communication using CPDLC (Controller Pilot Data Link Communication) in an oceanic haul is also developed,that would be a base to the future aviation researches . Background: The main idea is to achieve data link communication in a oceanic haul where there are no radar coverages and grond station contacts.This research was carried out in past ,over few years back.The CPDLC is a continuously on-going research project.Some of the old papers are still being researches to achieve text based information exchanges through datalink commnications.However due to the advent of growth in technology each and every day,advances in research also take a new shape than and there. This has motivated this project to evaluate the performance issues of applications in the aeronautical telecommunication networks ,which is the backbone network in aviation . Aims and Objectives : This thesis aims to : To develop a robust and reliable communication model using adhoc systems Research the various performance issues in using the ATN application CPDLC in long haul routes. The main objectives of this project is to Reduce the work load of the air traffic controllers by developing text data communications using adhoc networks Reduce workload for pilots Prevent congestion of air traffic Preventing air accidents due to misinterpretation of communications from the controller Research Methodology: The background for this thesis includes a lot of introduction and information about how ground to air communications take place.In order to review the present standards of communication,to analyze their nature and also to understand its properties ,a very intense search has been made and during this phase ,references to various technical publications ,articles expert opinions were read and references from various international organizations like ICAO and Eurocontrol were taken up to write this thesis.After careful analysis, performance analyziz was made and implementing text based communication was studied.The next part of this project will discuss all necessary things needed to understand this thesis. Literature survey : The History of communications in aviation is vast .We would be discussing only the current developments in modern technology and reviewing some of the applications developed in relations to this thesis. The standards in Aviation are monitored by certain governing bodies that are responsible for the safety and security of the air transport.The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) is the major governing body and specialized agengy of the United Nations for standard and recommended procedures in civil aviation. Aeronautical telecommunication Network: ICAO having endorsed a proposal for the future communications in aviation that uses digital datalinks to supplement voice communication to provide a good and reliable communication,has led to the development of Aeronautical telecommunication network.It is an international infrastructure that manages digital data transfer between the aircraft and the air traffic control.In fact it is a dedicated network for aviation to provide seamless ground to air as well as ground to ground communication for the aircrafts.It is designed to support the increasing air traffic due to increasing demands. Development Of ATN: Air traffic management needed enhancements due to its rapid increase in traffic .as a result a single controller cannot handle such a large amount of traffic .Hence the concept of distributed traffic handling were followed by the controllers to handle the rising amount of traffic.Efforts were also taken to automate traffic handling.When critical analysis were made regarding the automation of traffic,it became apparent that air traffic automation requires more exchange of computer to computer data interchange that included transfers between aircraft and ground computers.Apart from that automation also required infrastructures that need to be integrated with aircraft and ground stations.The real automation of this air traffic could be possible only data computers rather than being independent processors were also a networking peers with their respective ground stations.These operational objectives when combined together led to a dedicated forming of a complete network exclusively for t he field of aviation,that came to be known as the Aeronautical telecommunications network. Data communications have been deployed both(air to ground and ground to ground ) for many years not only for air traffic management but also for administrative and ground operations.Besides the aeronautical telecommunications support a wide environment where tcket sales,crew duty rotas,weather forecasts are all done.Certain standards and protocols are used. The international air transport associationhave developed a set of OSI profiles called the aeronautical OSI profile,that can be used over the ATN. Benefits of ATN over the traditional networks: The ATN has scored over the traditional voice communications with a number of advantages that would make air travel more safe and secure.the following are some of the advantages over which Are described below: ATN offers more clarity in communications.As a result retransmission rate is reduced much and interpretation errors are minimized in a long distance communication The Communication channel is made use more effieciently to transmit data between the computers rather than usage of channel in voice communication. It gives increased possibility to connect two end users without knowing their locations in a global data communication network environment. It minimizes work load for the pilots and controllers ,since a number of preformatted and short text messages are available .These standard message are very well known to the pilots.These standards are globally fixed and they mean the same everywhere in world.Hence communication becomes easy ,eliminating misinterpretation errors completey. The multitude for accommodation of various ground systems like ATSC,AOC,AAC,APC are easily done using ATN. ATN provides a unique solution to satisfy a wide range of data communications therby providing much ease and effiecient useage of the available resources. It provides a robust an reliable service to achieve higher availability and integrity that should be need for an improved operational capability. It provides for timely exchange of ATS information between ground facility improving security and productivity of the entire system The above reasons justify that the ATN has unique features and its applications are widely important in both ground to air as well us ground to ground communications The ATN environment: Operating in a global environment is always a challenge for a network .The ATN is designed to operate in extreme environment considering rough weather and other circumstances.Apart from lot of constraints,the ATN has been designed to operate under four major situations .Each one is termed an element.The first element is to capability of the network to transfer data to an aircraft without the sender knowing where actually the aircraft is, in other words hidden identity.This network mobility is essentially the powerful feature of the Aeronautical telecommncation network.The next element is to use the available multiple links installed in aircraft simultaneously.In this case the specification of the cost,link and speed preferences are advised b the applications that ATN uses when forwarding the data to an air borne system.It is these preferences that determine which link to be chosen to send and receive data over the other available links.The third element is to accommodate all availabl e low bandwidth links both grond and airlinks in this case.These links are normally used to compress the data to be sent.The last element is the standardization of the applications and all services used by the ATN so that they remain the same throughout the world and do not cause further confusion in supporting applications. The ATN Mobility: An important feature in network is that all the other end users must know the availability of the datalinks so that congestion can be reduced.Hence it is necessary in a network to let to know the end users about the links and the multiple paths that reach all the aircraft airborne.Broadcasts in a network can lead to a serious problem of flooding. Hence inorder to satisfy network mobility the ATN designers have stipulated a concept called the backbone routing technology.This effiecient technology restricts the broadcasting of information to avoid flooding but at the same time allows the ground system to send information about the availability of the links and other information to the nearest aircraft that are with ints reach. This simple figure would easily demonstrate the backbone routing implementation. The router r0 is the aircraft router that is airborne.Now when it is necessary to communicate with the router R7 .the ground router has to update all the backbone routers that the aircraft is aavailable for contact.It is also noted that only the routers in home domain are updated and all the others remain unnoticed.Hence considering this situation R1 R2 R 3 are updated and the others are left unnoticed .. Hence routers not in home domain do not know what is happening. This helps to avoid flooding . The squares in the figure represent applications used by the ATN. The CPDLC application of the ATN is discussed in the later chapters as how messages are transferred.Here application H1 when needs to communicate with aircraft airborne,has the router R8 in the home.R 8 does not know any information about the aircraft,so it forwards to the nearsest backbone router R2.R2 knows the information about the aircraft hence it sends the data to R7 through R1. Thus data traverses.In similar case, application H2 needing to communicate sends the data to R16,From there the backbone router R5 takes over.But R5 does not have any information about the aircraft hence instead of forwarding the packet to R5 it sends to R4 and then the same process takes place. Both the aircraft and the ground routers at the ground station communicate using a protocol called inter domain routing protocol which forms the basis of this inter domain routing.This is the protocol that redistributes data over the entire networ k without causing flooding and thereby enabling all the communication . Now there is yet another to note in this backbone routing. Preference based routing is necessary to allow multiple paths in a network to be available simultaneously.Some applications may require quality of service for cost and safety for performance isues.In such cases it is required to route over the other available routes.here in this considered case,aircraft router has both VHF and satellite conection .In case if the VHF is not available then a satellite connection is used to transfer data . accordingly the aircraft router R9 will take its turn to send information through the router R4 which is in ground .all entries are stored in packets by the routers they pass through.By this the packets can be examined by the other router for the shortest path to be taken to the destined aircraft it should be sent.Thus the mobility of the ATN works,adding more reliability to the communication system . ACCOMODATION OF LOW BANDWIDTH : As specifeied earlier the design of ATN is designated to accommodate the low bandwidth froundlinks to the network.Accordingly,the throughput for the groundlnks to operate in ATN is expected to operate in a low bandwidth than the available system today.Hence a compression methodology has to be used for thi purpose.The present VDL2 comunication used in aeronautical communication a channel that can transfer 32 k bits / second is shared by multiple aircraft using the carrier sense multiple access method.It is a notable feature that ATN has let also multiple compressions to occur in its routers .The rate of compression is not a fixed one.It is determined when an aircraft enters the region of an ATN router .An open system interconnection network connectionless protocol is used for this kind of purposes.It reduces hundred bytes of header information to six btes.Another technique used to compress the header is the deflate technique.A deflate algorithm uses the similar kind of mechanisms used by the ZIP used in compressing text files.It compresses both the header and the data units available to the aircraft .this way by compressing the data units,low bandwidth channels are made use by the ATN effieciently. APPLICATIONS OF THE ATN: The standardization of ATN by the international civl aviation organisatio has led to the development of four applications.These four applications are of more significance in the aviation industry since they help in navigation of aircrafts when air borne .These applications are Context Management Automatic dependent surveillance system Controler pilot data link communications Digital-Inflight information system The digital inflight information system is used to get updates from the ground sation required for the flight such as weather udates and other traffic conditions in terminal area ehich is essential during landing The controller pilot data communications is a essential development and this thesis would deal mainly with this application that exactly replaces the voice communications with the data messages to the extent it could do . The automatic dependent surveillance system is highky essential for the transmission of digital information regarding the position of the aircraft to the radar at the ground station so that automated networks and systems can maintain adequate separation of aircrafts in air.The separation of aircrafts depending up on their size and type is an important consequence in the field of Aviation where it constitutes to the safety of the planes going at higher altitudes . Context management is another directional service,where specific features could be provided to the aircraft on logging in to that particular air traffic system,associated with the network address of the server at the ground station.Thus aircraft being guided till the terminal control are where the approach controller would take care after with the secondary radars being used for assistance . These applications would surely contribute to the effective communication between the controllers and the pilots who are air borne. The functionality of The Aeronautical Telecommunication Network : The functionality of an aeronautical network seems to be little when compared to that of voice transmission networks,but it offers more robust connectivity and more integrity in communication between two end systems that are either fixed or mobile or even adhoc,taking in to consideration for transition paths and end to end delays. ATN Components: Notably ATN supports many Full dupliex communication system. These are some of the supportable forms of the communications Airline systems and ATS systems Airline and aircraft systems ATS and aircraft systems ATS systems interconnected Airline syatems inter connected together Airline systems refer to the maintainence syatems that the airlines deploy such as dispatch deliveries and others whereas aircraft systems refer to the systems actually in aircraft that help to navigate the syatems The above figure shows the typical environment of an ATN Subnetworks,Routers and the Endsyatems are the major components that constitute to the building of an ATN. Subnetworks: Subnetworks which form a part of the comuication network. A subnetwok forms the major transferring medium between the sytems in the ATN.They are infact a major component of ATN .Usually packet switching netwrks are the subnetworks used in ATN. A lot of grond as well as air borne systems are equipped with capability of supporting this features in ATN. Subnetworks can be of two types. Ground to Ground (Fixed) Air to Ground (Mobile) Ground to Ground subnetworks are usually local are networks connecte with in subsytems .It can be the local airport network connected with the ATC to share weather and other advisory informations where there is no controllers employed for certain routes. Local area networks employed with token ring ,Ethernet FDDIare nowadays used as ground subnetworks Air to Ground networks are usually wide are networks .They are used when the air craft is air borne and hence communicates with the ATC controllers.Based up on the type of Network the ATN routers adapts itself to transfer the data packets between the adjacent subnetworks. The various air to ground subnetworks include Very High Frequency Subnetwork Satellite communication Mode S subnetwork HF subnetworks The HF and MODE S subnetworks are mostly used in short range communications.Mostly short haul flights that travel in the European continents are equipped with instruments that make use of the Mode S Subnetworks.Both the communications and the automatic dependent surveillance for spacing can be achieved with Mode S which is relatively cheap when compared others. HF Networks are much more similar networks but are used in relatively average haul flights which are in continuous contact with grund stations throughout their journeys with out any oceanic travel. Satellite communication and VHF networks are the physical transfer mediums used in Long haul oceanic flights .RElativekly costlier for communication but still used in modern days. Routers: The ATN routers play a major role in routing the packets to different subnetworks thus maintaining the integrity of the network.Since the air crafts change their course during their course of flight,the path taken in a network to reach that aircraft must be determined accordingly.It is the routers that decide the traversing of packets at any stage in network.The routing is performed on the basis of class of service the packets request and the availability of the links in the network. Dynamic routing is also supported by ATN ,allowing each router to update ,due to the changing courses taken overby flight and other failures occurring unexpectedly where an alternate path is chosen.Routers operate at the third layer of the OSI layer according to a set of predefined protocols.The necessary information to route the packet are present in the header of the encapsulated packet that a router that deals with. Routers in ATN can be broadly classified in to two types . Intra domain routers (static or dynamic) Inter domain routers The intra domain routers are local routers that are used in local domains and are not to global international standards.But the inter domain routers are all set to global international standards and can handle more traffic than inter domain routers . The ATN routers differ from the Normal routers by certai features that distinguish them.those are listed. In a ATN router there is a possibility of applying specific policies that enable the supporting of mobile communication providing effiecient air to ground routing The enhanced security system that ATN adheres to protect the tampering of data. Use of compression methods to accommodate low bandwidths in air to fround links and other data networks. Termination procedures and initialization of a new route when an aircraft enters the system or leaves is a major advantage in an ATN End syatem: These system integrate the host system with the network.all the application level services are coordinated to the host by these end systems to establish communications with the peer to peer system in network. They have the capacity to communicate with another subnetworks end systes in order to provide end to end communications to the ATN applictons that handle operations. It is for this purpose they have a seven ;ayered protocol stack that hosts appropriate communication services in support to the applications of the ATN. The above figure relates the constituent elements of the aeronautical telecommunication networks with the OSI layer protocol stack structures ,that helps in establishing peer to peer commuications with end systems. ATN domains : Unlike other networks ATN has also domains that are essential for routing purposes.Each domain may have inter domain router and end systems. To make the routing process simplified the administrations of the adjacent domains may combine together to form a single domain sharing a policy and hence making it single. Administrative domains are part of ATN where they are managed by a single authority.This administrative domains are either the Civil Aviation Authority ,an Air traffic controller or an international aeronautical communication service provider (IACSP) A routing domain may have the following characteristics. All informations regarding the connectivity and quality of the service related with the internal systems are are exchanged without any restrictions. With in a domain ,selected routes(the common routes to the other systems lying outside the domains ) may be advertised by a BIS router. These routes advertised by the BIS routers to the other routers that lie outside the domains are controlled by a policy that enforced by the advertising BIS router . The figure gives an example of an ATN domain Thus the very basic essentials of a data network that is used to exchange informations was discussed. In next chapters VHF which is used as a physical transfer medium is discussed .